Idioma Estilo indirecto -REPORTED SPEECH

Estilo indirecto -REPORTED SPEECH




1.¿Qué es el estilo indirecto?



El estilo indirecto, en inglés “Reported Speech”, consiste en expresar algo dicho antes por alguien, es decir, en contar lo que alguien dijo acerca de algo. El estilo indirecto en inglés es muy similar al español, por lo que no tiene gran dificultad para los españoles.

En una frase en estilo indirecto podemos encontrar dos partes :

Una primera parte introductoria que incluye el verbo que , en inglés se denomina reporting verbe y es el que introduce lo que se va a contar. : say, tell, mention, suggest, ask, wonder..), por ejemplo ; Peter said that...,/ Mary told me that...

Una segunda parte que es lo que alguien dijo sobre algo .

Por ejemplo : Peter said that he had suffered a terrible accident that morning

Mary told me that she was looking for her brother all morning



*Normalmente el verbo del estilo directo se cambia por un pasado.Aunque no siempre es así.

A continuación empezaremos con un ejemplo para facilitar la comprensión del concepto de estilo indirecto. Reflejamos aquí cómo es una idea en estilo directo (palabras literales que la persona dijo y que suelen ir entre comillas y cómo es en estilo indirecto.


Estilo directo: Peter said: “I'm really tired”

Estilo indirecto: Peter said that he was tired

Como podemos observar, cuando empleamos el estilo directo, repetimos las mismas palabras utilizadas por el que las dijo. Por el contrario, cuando empleamos el estilo indirecto, contamos lo dicho por alguien con nuestras propias palabras.

2.Situaciones dentro del estilo indirecto.

Cuando contamos algo se pueden dar dos situaciones :

Cuando se trata de algo que se acaba de decir recientemente

El verbo suele ir en PRESENTE . Peter says that.../Peter is saying that…/Peter has said that

En estos casos, al pasar al estilo indirecto no se cambian los tiempos de los verbos porque lo que se acaba de decir, todavía tiene vigencia; lo que sí hay que hacer es amoldar las referencias a personas, lugar y tiempo de la manera que corresponda.

Estilo directo: Peter says : “I can't hear anything”

Estilo indirecto: Peter says that he can't hear anything.*

* Aquí el verbo “can” sigue siendo “can” y no ha cambiado porque estamos contando algo que Peter acaba de decir y todavía tiene vigencia porque se sigue refiriendo a la situación presente en la que se encuentran.

Cuando lo que se cuenta se dijo hace tiempo y por lo tanto pertenece al pasado. Así el verbo a utilizar irá en PASADO. Peter said that..

Este tipo de situación suele ser el más habitual y el que normalmente nos vamos a encontrar.

Así, al pasar las frases al estilo indirecto, los verbos habrá que ajustarlos al pasado .

Estilo directo: Last Sunday Mary said : “I' haven't see Joe anywhere”

Estilo indirecto: Last Sunday Mary said that she hadn't seen Joe anywhere

Estilo directo: Yesterday Sue told me : “I'm preparing my Maths exam

Estilo indirecto: Yesterday Sue told me that she was preparing her maths exam

Estilo directo: This morning Tom said to me : “I can't come to your party”

Estilo indirecto: This morning Tom said to me that he couldn't come to my party

Al contar algo que se dijo, pero no recientemente, surgen cambios en los tiempos verbales que se recogen en la siguiente tabla :

ESTILO DIRECTO

ESTILO INDIRECTO

Presente Simple

Peter said: “I'm tired”

Peter dijo: “Estoy cansado”

Pasado simple

Peter said that he was tired

Peter dijo que estaba cansado



Presente continuo

Peter said: “I'm looking for Mary”

Peter dijo: “Estoy buscando a Mary”

Pasado continuo

Peter said that he was looking for Mary

Peter dijo que estaba buscando a Mary



Presente Perfecto

Peter said: “I've finished my homework”

Peter dijo: “He terminado mi tarea”

Pasado perfecto

Peter said that he had finished his homework

Peter dijo que ha terminado su tarea



Presente perfecto continuo

Mary said: “I've been looking for Mary”

Mary dijo: “ He estado buscando a Mary”

Pasado perfecto continuo

Mary said that she had been looking for Mary

Mary dijo que ha estado buscando a Mary



Pasado simple

Mary said: “I got up late this morning”

Mary dijo: “ Me levanté tarde esta mañana”

Pasado perfecto

Mary said that she had got up late that morning

Mary dijo que se ha levantado tarde esta mañana



Pasado perfecto

Mary said: “I had never been there”

Mary dijo: “Nunca he estado aquí”

Pasado perfecto (no cambia)

Mary said that she had never been there

Mary dijo que nunca ha estado aquí



Will

Mary said: “I'll never marry anyone”

Mary dijo: “Nunca me casaré con nadie”

Would

Mary said that she would never marry anyone

Mary dijo que nunca se casaría con nadie



Can

Susan said: “I can't see Joe anywhere”

Susan dijo: “No puedo ver (no veo) a Joe por ningún sitio”

Could

Susan said that she couldn't see Joe anywhere

Susan dijo que no puede ver (no ve) a Joe por ningún sitio



Must

Susan said: “I must finish may homework”

Susan dijo: “Tengo que terminar mi tarea”

Had to

Susan said that she had to finish her homework

Susan dijo que tiene que terminar su tarea



May

Susan said: “It may rain this morning”

Susan dijo : “Puede llover esta mañana”

Might

Susan said that it might rain that morning

Susan dijo que puede llover esta mañana




Hay una serie de verbos modales que no sufren cambios ni aunque se haga referencia a algo que ocurrió en el pasado : COULD, SHOULD, WOULD, MIGHT, y OUGHT TO

Veamos los cambios en los adverbios de lugar y tiempo , cuando se cuenta algo que ha pasado un tiempo después y en un lugar diferente del que se dijo .

ESTILO DIRECTO

ESTILO INDIRECTO

Here

Mary dijo: aquí está mi casa

There

Mary dijo que allí estaba su casa

Now

Mary dijo : ahora me voy

Then

Mary dijo que entonces se iba

Today

Mary dijo : hoy me caso

That day

Mary dijo que aquel día se casaba

Tonight

Mary dijo : esta noche salimos

That night

Mary dijo que esa noche salíamos

Tomorrow

Mary dijo : mañana comemos juntos

The next day / The following day

Mary dijo que al día siguiente comíamos juntos

Yesterday

Mary dijo: ayer te vi

The previous day / the day before

Mary dijo que el día anterior me había visto

Next week/ next year

Mary dijo : la semana que viene voy a tu casa

The following week / the following year

Mary dijo que la semana siguiente iba a mi casa

Last week / last year

Mary dijo : la semana pasada no fui al cine

Te week before / the year before

Mary dijo que la semana anterior no había ido al cine

….ago

Mary dijo: hace tres días que no duermo

….before

Mary dijo que después de tres días no había dormido.


Estilo indirecto


My car was stolen a few weeks ago

Today you tell another friend what Charlie said or thought when you saw him. Use Reported Speech.

Charlie said that he was living in London with his parents

He mentioned that he hadn't see Diane recently

Charlie thought that I look much older than him

Charlie told me that he didn't know why Fred had been sacked from his company

Charlie said that I could come and stay with him if I was ever in London

Charlie thought that he would tell Anne he had seen I here

Charlie told me that his car had been stolen a few weeks before

He mentioned that he wanted to go on holidays but he couldn't afford it




Diferencias entre los verbos TELL y SAY

Ambos se pueden traducir al español como “decir” . Son los más usados para pasar las oraciones enunciativas (que informan sobre algo) al estilo indirecto. Las diferencias entre ellos no son de significado, sino por la forma en que los utilizamos.

TELL tiene que ir siempre seguido de un objeto indirecto, es decir, de la persona a la que se dice algo. I told Mary that...

SAY puede usarse sin añadirle detrás el objeto indirecto : I said that...

Pero también podemos usarlo con el O.I., en cuyo caso debe añadirse TO : I

said to Mary that...

I told Mary that...= I said to Mary that..

Para poner en estilo indirecto órdenes, solo podemos usar TELL. I told Mary to arrive

before 12 o'clock

Tanto en los casos en que usamos TELL como SAY para pasar oraciones informativas al estilo indirecto , podemos prescindir de THAT y nunca se usa That cuando pasemos preguntas, órdenes o peticiones.

Ann said goodbye to me and left. 7. Don't tell anyone what I said. It's a

Tell us about your holiday. Did you 8. Did she tell you what happened? No she

have a nice time. didn't say anything to me.

3. Don't just stand there¡ Say something¡ 9. George couldn't help me. He told me to

4 I wonder where Sue is. She said she would ask Kate.

Jack told me that he was fed up with his job 10. George couldn't help me. He said he was

The doctor said that I should rest for at least a week short of time.





¿Qué es un acto del habla? ¿Cómo se aplica al estilo indirecto?


Siempre que hablamos lo hacemos con una intención; jamás hablamos sin querer conseguir algo. Por eso podemos afirmar que cada vez que hablamos, llevamos a cabo una acción que persigue un objetivo ; cada vez que hablamos, por tanto, llevamos a cabo un ACTO DEL HABLA. ¿Con qué intenciones hablamos? Las motivaciones que nos llevan a decir algo ( emitir un acto del habla) pueden ser variadísimas : informar, preguntar, pedir, ordenar, sugerir, amenazar, pedir disculpas, agradecer, dar consejo, negarse a algo, etc..

Cuando nosotros ponemos en estilo indirecto lo que alguien ha dicho, debemos tener en cuenta qué intención tiene esa persona cuando habla, qué tipo de acto del habla utiliza. Es muy importante determinar esto porque según sea la intención del hablante, debemos ponerla en estilo indirecto de una forma u otra.

Hasta ahora nosotros solo hemos puesto en estilo indirecto oraciones informativas. Para éstas se suelen utilizar los verbos say y tell, aunque tanbien hay otros como comment, mention, explain, inform, point out (señalar), refer (hacer referencia a algo), state (señalar,aclarar), etc..

A continuación veremos otros tipos de actos del habla, es decir, cuando hablamos con otra intención que no es informativa : preguntar, ordenar,etc...



¿Cómo pasamos PREGUNTAS al estilo indirecto?


Usaremos el verbo ASK u otros como WONDER (preguntarse), o WANT TO KNOW. Hay que tener en cuenta un factor fundamental : el tipo de pregunta

Puede tratarse de una pregunta de respuesta corta (Si/No) y donde usaremos IF o WHETHER para pasarlo al estilo indirecto.

Estilo directo : Mary asked me : “Have you ever eaten Chinese food?

Estilo indirecto : Mare asked me if I had ever eaten Chinese food.

b) Puede ser una pregunta de información, encabezada por una partícula interrogativa :

what, when,who,why,where,how,how lond,how much,how many,etc…. Para pasarla

al estilo indirecto se repite la partícula, nunca se usa “if”.

Estilo directo : Mary asked me : “ what have you said?”

Estilo indirecto : Mary asked me what I had said

Estilo directo : Mary asked me : “ Why are you shouting at me?”

Estilo indirecto : Mary asked me why I was shouting at her



*Otro aspecto importante a recordar es que cuando una pregunta se pasa a estilo indirecto deja de ser pregunta y por eso pierde el orden habitual de la pregunta en inglés.


What time does the match start? I asked a policeman.

I asked a policeman what time the match started.

Have you ever thought of studying engineering? My father asked me.

My father asked me if I had never thought of studying engineering.

Why has she cut it of with me? I wondered

I wondered why she is had cut it of with me

Who's going to buy your house? Mrs Jones asked her cousin

Mrs asked her cousin who was going to buy her house



¿Cómo pasamos órdenes a estilo indirecto?


Para pasar órdenes (commands) a Estilo Indirecto usaremos los verbos TELL o ORDER, nunca el verbo SAY. Pero lo más importante es recordar que una orden tiene como objetivo, conseguir que alguien haga algo, que lleve a cabo una acción. Así pues nosotros pondremos una orden en estilo indirecto , reflejando la acción que se ordena de la forma más simple: to + infinitivo

Estilo directo: My father told me : “ Work hard for your exam!”

Estilo indirecto: My father told me to work hard for my exam.

*En caso de que la orden sea negativa , al infinitivo se le antepone not .


Estilo directo : My father told me : “Don't get back home late!”

Estilo indirecto: My father told me not to get back home late.



a) Ann wanted to keep that secret and she told me................................................

b) I didn't want to delay Ann so I told her……………………………………………

c) The teacher could't hear me and he told me………………………………………..

d) Jim was in love with Sue and he told her…………………………………………...

e) The doctor recommended me……………………………………………………..

f) He started asking me personal questions and I………………………………………




¿Cómo pasamos peticiones al estilo indirecto?


Cuando hacemos una petición (request), tenemos como objetivo conseguir que alguien haga algo, es decir, el objetivo es el mismo que en una orden, pero lo hacemos de forma más suave, sin ordenar, pidiéndolo. Por eso, como tambien esperamos que de ello resulte una acción de aquel a quien pedimos, usaremos la misma estructura que en las órdenes, al pasar a estilo indirecto : to + infinitivo. El verbo que usaremos es ASK, que aquí no significa preguntar, sino pedir.

Estilodirecto : My father asked me : “ Would you mind washing my car?

Estilo indirecto : Mary father asked me to was his car


En caso de que la petición sea negativa, anteponemos not al infinitivo :

Estilo directo : My mother asked me : “ Would you mind not saying anything?

Estilo indirecto : My mother asked me not to say anything





a) She couldn't hear me and she asked me to repeat what I had said

b) John was very surprised when Mary asked him to marry her

c) The customs officer looked at me and he asked me open my bag

d) I couldn't move the fridge alone, so I asked Tom to give me a hand

e) Sarah was driving too fast, so I asked her to slow down

f) The teacher couldn't start the class and he asked us ………………………………





Exercise 1. Last week you meet a friend of yours called Charlie ; you hadn't seen him for a long time. Here are some of the things Charlie said to you :

(2) I haven't seen Diane recently

(4) I don't know why Fred was sacked from his company

(1) I'm living in London with my parents

(3) You look much older than me

(5) You can come and stay with me if you are ever in London

(6) I'll tell Anne I've seen you here

(8) I want to go on holiday but I can't afford it





Exercise 2 : Somebody says something to you which is the opposite of what they say before. Write an appropriate answer. Remember you've got to use Reported Speech.

1-“That restaurant is very expensive”

2-“Ann is coming to your party”

3-“I know lots of people”

4-“I have seen this film before”

5-“I'll tell your girlfriend your little dirty secret”

Is it? But you said it was cheap

Is she? I thought you said that she wasn't coming to my party

Do you? But you told me that you didn't know anyone ¡

Have you? I thought you said that you hadn't seen this film

Will you? But you promised you wouldn't tell it ¡

Exercise 3 : Complete these sentences with SAY or TELL . Use only one word each time

Exercise 4 : Change the following questions into reported speech

Exercise 5 : The following ideas are direct speech; chose one of them to complete each sentence below. Remember we're changing commands into reported speech.

Don't tell anyone what happened yesterday!

Stay in bed till you feel a bit better !

Don't wait for me

if I'm late!

Don't forget me even if you marry Joe !

Don't make me any personal question !

Speak a bit louder or I won't understand you !

Exercise 6. The following ideas are direct speech; choose one of them to complete each sentence below. Remember we're changing REQUESTS into reported speech.

Can you open your bag, please?

Could you repeat what do

you say?

Do you think you could give me a hand, Tom?

Would you mind not making so much noise?

Will you marry me, John?

Please slow down ¡

Exercise 7 : Here are some things that Joe said to you

Jane has a very well- paid job

You shouldn't complain about your job to your boss

Have you told your wife that you have problems?

Why don't you tell Ann that you love her?

Don't ask me any other favour

What do you think about your job?

Could you lend me some money I need?

But later Joe says something different to you. What would you say in each situation?

1.Tell me whenever you need my help

2.You shouldn't say anything to Ann

3.Jane is always short of money

4.What do you think about your job

5.Why don't you complain about your job?

6.Have you told your wife?

7.I've won a lot of money in the lotto

1.But you told me not to ask me any other favour!

2.But you asked me to tell Ann that I love her!

3.But you said Jane had a very-well paid job!

4.Again? Yesterday you also asked me what I thought about

your job!

5.However you told me not to complain about my job to my

boss!

6)Again? Yesterday you also asked if I told my wife that I had

problems!

7)Have you? But yesterday you asked me to lend you some

money you needed!



.................................................. ...........




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REPORTED SPEECH


Utilizamos el estilo indirecto cuando queremos comunicar a alguien lo que otra persona ha dicho, sin usar las palabras exactas que ésta utilizó.

Reported statements (oraciones declarativas)

Cambios de los tiempos verbales:





ESTILO DIRECTO--------------- ESTILO INDIRECTO


Presente simple ----------------> Pasado simple

I train every day ---------------->He said (that) he trained every day




Presente continuo ----------------> Pasado continuo

I'm having a shower ---------------->He said (that) he was having a shower





Pretérito Perfecto ----------------> Pretérito pluscuamperfecto

We haven't seen it yet ----------------> They said they hadn't met her





Pasado simple ----------------> Pretérito pluscuamperfecto

I met her at 3 ----------------> He said he had met her at 3





Imperativo ----------------> Infinitivo

Be quiet ----------------> He told us to be quiet




Cambios de los verbos modales:


Can Could

I can't swim ---------> He said (that) he couldn't swim. Notathat) En estos casos el that puede ser omitido.




Will Would

I'll send you a postcard ---------> He said (that) he would send us a postcard.




Must / have (got) Had to

You must study more ---------> He said (that) we had study more




May Might

It may be true ---------> He said (that) it might be true





Los otros verbos modales no cambian.

El verbo introductor en los estilos directo e indirecto suele ser say . En el estilo directo, cuando el verbo va sseguido de un objeto de persona, podemos emplear say to, o bien tell.
Ejemplo:
`I'm hungry', he said to me
`I'm working tonight', he told me.

Sin embargo en el estilo indirecto , sólo se utilizaría told.

Los pronombres y adjetivos posesivos de primera persona cambian a tercera persona.
Ej: He said `I can't find my keys'.
He said (that) he couldn't find his keys

El pronombre you cambia a I.
Ej: He said `You look tired'
He said I looked tired.
Nota: He said, `You look tired, Jane'. - He told Jane she looked tired

Otras expresiones que cambian:

ESTILO DIRECTO

ESTILO INDIRECTO

THIS

THAT

HERE

THERE

TODAY

THAT DAY

YESTERDAY

THE DAY BEFORE

TOMORROW

THE NEXT DAY/THE FOLLOWING DAY

TONIGHT

THAT NIGHT

TOMORROW MORNING

THE FOLLOWING MORNING

YESTERDAY AFTERNOON

THE PREVIOUS AFTERNOON

NEXT WEEK/MONTH/YEAR

THE FOLLOWING WEEK/MONTH/YEAR

LAST WEEK/MONTH/YEAR

THE PREVIOUS WEEK/MONTH/YEAR

A WEEK/MONTH/YEAR AGO

A WEEK/MONTH/YEAR BEFORE


b)Reported questions (Oraciones interrogativas)

ASK KNOW (NOT) KNOW WANT WONDER

Los cambios de los tiempos verbales son los mismos que los de las oraciones declarativas indirectas

Nota: El orden de las palabras de la pregunta original cambia al orden de una oración declarativa. El sujeto va inmediatamente detrás del pronombre interrogativo, y el verbo, detrás del sujeto.

Ejemplo:

He

said

`What is her name?'


He

Asked

Wondered

Wanted to know

Didn't know

What her name was.

Las Yes/no questions van introducidas por las conjunciones if o whether.

Ejemplos:

He said, `Can I use your pen?'

He asked me if / whether he could use my pen.

b)Reporting verbs (Verbos introductores del estilo indirecto)

Oración introducida por that:

Say - tell (+ objeto) - explain - suggest - insist - promise - warn - admit - agree - remind claim - complain - reply


Ejemplos:

He promised that he would paint the house the followin week.

She suggested we should stay at home.

She told me that she would arrive late

Verbo + objeto + to + infinitivo:

Ask - tell - order - advise - warn - invite



Ejemplos:

They asked us to stay longer.

She warned me to be careful

Verbo acabado en -ing.

Apologise for - suggest - recommend - admit - insit on - accuse someone of



Ejemplos:

They acused him of robbing the bank.

They admitted stealing the money.


REPORTED SPEECH: COMMANDS.-

Introductory verbs: the verb “say” may introduced commands in direct speech but it must be changed to a verb of command in reported speech, e.g.: beg, command, forbid, order, tell, know, ask... + personal object without preposition.

Indirect commands are usually expressed by a verb of command + object without preposition + to infinitive.

Negative commands are usually reported by not + to infinitive.

When we turn a command into reported speech, it is necessary to change the pronouns and possessive adjectives and adverbs of time and place as in the statements.